The international system has been indeed anarchic, geopolitical in orientation and divisive in structuration. The great war (First World War) was engendered due to European bellicosity and divisions in what informed the so-called mutual defense alliances, assassinations and absolute nationalism. The state system has become more individualistic as against the comity of nations with total commitment to collective interest and self-determination. This engendered the loss of lives between 1914 and 1918 due to such balkanization of states’ borders, interest and lack of human unity. Prior to the outbreak of the great war, nations have been warring among themselves such as the Civil Wars in Europe, colonial expansionism, imperialism, imperial conquest and many more inhumane trails of dehumanization and a sheer exuberance of selfishness by powerful empires and leaders.

Former Chief Economist of the World Bank and the Dean, Institute of New Structural Economics at Peking University, Beijing, China, Professor Justin Yifu Lin, has debunked the notion of “debt trap” in the cooperation between China and Africa, describing it as a carefully crafted lie.