Urbanisation is the process through which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, transforming them into cities. It is a complex and ongoing phenomenon that represents one of the most significant social and demographic shifts of the modern era. The transition from rural to urban living has reshaped societies—moving from tightly knit agrarian communities to bustling, industrious, and diverse urban centres. This dynamic process continues to influence economic development, social structures, political systems, and environmental conditions across the world.

Historically, the population shift from rural to urban areas triggered two fundamental and complementary processes: the structural transformation of employment from agriculture to non-agricultural industries and services, and the accompanying economic growth seen in Europe and America during the Industrial Revolution. Over the centuries, this shift has continued to drive people to urban centers in search of better opportunities, improved living conditions, and greater access to education, healthcare, and modern lifestyles.

Driven by socio-economic and environmental factors, this global phenomenon has transformed landscapes, economies, and communities. It is expected to intensify in the coming decades, with projections indicating that approximately 64 per cent of the developing world and 86 per cent of the developed world will be urbanised by 2050.

However, this rapid urbanisation brings numerous challenges, including population pressure, strained infrastructure, rising unemployment, housing shortages, unplanned slum development, resource scarcity, and the urgent need for sustainable urban planning.

In Nigeria, the combination of population growth and rapid urbanisation has severely aggravated the housing deficit, making it increasingly difficult for millions—particularly middle- and low-income earners—to access decent and affordable homes. The escalating demand for housing continues to outpace supply, resulting in soaring rental costs, the proliferation of slums, and inadequate infrastructure and essential services.

Housing is fundamental to improving quality of life, promoting social cohesion, expanding economic opportunities, and achieving sustainable national development. To meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11—making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable—urban planning policies must directly address the housing shortage. Having a safe and comfortable home is not just a necessity but a basic human right.

Expanding access to affordable housing in Nigeria requires a multifaceted approach tailored to the country’s unique urbanisation trajectory. Housing initiatives should aim to reduce the national deficit while providing the growing urban population with accessible and reasonably priced options. In fact, the housing shortfall presents a viable opportunity for large-scale investment in the sector. This strategy must combine government intervention, private sector participation, and innovative financing mechanisms.

Government policies at all levels should promote affordable housing development, including financial support for low-income families. Direct public housing projects and private real estate developments should allocate a fixed percentage of units to affordable housing. This inclusionary approach fosters social integration and ensures diverse, balanced communities.

Aligning policies with actionable implementation strategies—and fostering public-private partnerships—will make housing provision more inclusive and sustainable. Collaborative efforts between government and private developers can leverage resources, technical expertise, and capital to deliver long-term solutions. Such partnerships may include joint ventures, tax incentives, and subsidies to enhance housing affordability and feasibility.

Urbanisation will undoubtedly continue to present both challenges and opportunities for Nigeria’s housing sector. To meet these challenges, innovative urban planning, sound policy implementation, and strong cross-sector collaboration are essential. By adopting sustainable and forward-thinking approaches, Nigeria can bridge the gap between housing demand and supply, ensuring that every citizen—regardless of income—has access to decent, affordable housing. This is key to building vibrant, livable urban communities for present and future generations.
Abdulrafiu, an Estate Surveyor and Valuer, wrote from Lagos.