Nigeria, a nation blessed with abundant natural resources, faces a critical challenge in safeguarding its water resources from the detrimental effects of pollution. Water pollution, the contamination of water bodies by harmful substances, has far-reaching consequences on public health, ecosystems, and economic development. Sustainability, the responsible use of resources to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, is a key factor in addressing this issue.
Historically, industrialisation and urbanisation have been major contributors to water pollution worldwide. In Nigeria, rapid population growth, inadequate waste management, and weak environmental regulations have exacerbated the problem. According to the United Nations, over 70 million Nigerians lack access to clean water, and nearly 124,000 children under the age of five die annually from water-borne illnesses. The World Bank estimates that Nigeria loses about 1.3 per cent of its GDP annually due to poor sanitation and hygiene.
Research focusing on nutrient assessment, water quality monitoring, and the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on aquatic ecosystems is crucial for understanding and mitigating water pollution in Nigeria. Developing comprehensive nutrient reduction plans and investigating the presence of PFAS in water and fish provide valuable insights into addressing the nation’s pollution challenges.
PFAS, a group of synthetic chemicals known for their persistence in the environment and potential health risks, have emerged as a global concern in recent years. These “forever chemicals” have been linked to various adverse health effects, including certain types of cancer, immune system dysfunction, and developmental issues. Monitoring PFAS levels in Nigeria’s water bodies and aquatic life is essential for assessing the extent of contamination, identifying sources, and developing strategies to mitigate their impact on ecosystems and public health.
Designing and restoring wetlands and streams is another key aspect of improving water quality and biodiversity. Wetlands serve as natural filters, trapping pollutants and excess nutrients before they enter larger water bodies. By implementing community-based restoration projects and promoting the use of native vegetation, Nigeria can harness the power of these ecosystems to mitigate pollution and create buffer zones that protect water resources. Restoring degraded wetlands and constructing new ones can enhance their natural filtration capabilities, reduce erosion, and provide habitats for diverse plant and animal species.
Promoting sustainable aquaculture practices is also crucial for minimising the environmental impact of Nigeria’s thriving fish farming industry. Adopting responsible feed management, waste reduction, and integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems can help reduce the ecological footprint of aquaculture while maintaining profitability. By reducing reliance on wild-caught fish for feed and optimising resource use, the industry can contribute to the sustainable management of water resources and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity.
The Nigerian Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) has taken steps to combat water pollution by establishing water quality standards, monitoring industrial effluents, and promoting public awareness.
In 2021, NESREA launched a nationwide campaign to reduce the use of single-use plastics, which often end up in waterways and harm aquatic life. The agency has also partnered with international organisations to strengthen its capacity for environmental monitoring and enforcement.
Developed nations such as the United States, China, Japan, and members of the European Union have implemented various strategies to address water pollution and promote sustainability. The United States has established the Clean Water Act, which regulates the discharge of pollutants into water bodies and sets water quality standards.
China has invested heavily in wastewater treatment infrastructure and has launched a “River Chief” system to hold local officials accountable for the health of rivers and lakes. Japan has promoted the concept of “Mottainai,” which emphasises the importance of reducing waste and valuing resources. The European Union has adopted the Water Framework Directive, which aims to achieve good ecological and chemical status for all water bodies.
To effectively tackle water pollution and ensure sustainability in Nigeria, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. The government must strengthen environmental regulations, invest in modern wastewater treatment infrastructure, and promote the adoption of clean technologies in industries.
Research institutions should prioritise studies on emerging contaminants and develop innovative solutions for pollution mitigation. Local communities must be engaged in conservation efforts and environmental education to foster a culture of stewardship. By learning from global best practices and adapting them to the Nigerian context, the nation can make significant strides towards safeguarding its precious water resources for generations to come.
Babatunde is a PhD. candidate of Environmental Science at Western Illinois University, Moline, Illinois, USA and can be reached via: sambabatunde1@yahoo.com
