How income, exercise affect life expectancy

*Extreme levels of fitness increase lifespan particularly in older people
The current notion about income and health status is that the wealthier a person is, the longer they can expect to live because they will have easier access to appropriate healthcare. A new study, however, takes a more complex approach and suggests that the answer may not be quite as straightforward.

A new Danish study overturns existing ideas about how a person’s income influences their life expectancy.

An influential study published in 2016 in JAMA Network found that there was a significant difference in the life expectancy of people living in different areas of the United States.

The difference, the researchers argued, was down to the variation in the populations’ income levels. Their results suggested that among United States (U.S.) men aged 40 years and older, those with the lowest income were expected to live 14.6 years less than men with the highest income.

In the case of U.S. women at the same age, life expectancy was 10.1 years shorter for those with the lowest incomes compared with those with the highest incomes.

However, researchers from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark now argue that these calculations did not take into account an important factor — namely, income mobility.

The Danish team — comprising economists Claus Thustrup Kreiner, Torben Heien Nielsen, and Benjamin Ly Serena — note that their American colleagues treated income levels as constant throughout a person’s lifetime. However, they argue, that is not how things work. In reality, people who have low incomes at one point in their lives can transition to higher income levels, while people with high incomes can slide down the income scale over the course of their lives.

In a new study, the findings of which appear in the journal PNAS, Kreiner’s team devised a method of taking such changes into account when calculating differences in life expectancy.

The Danish economists note that, over a period of 10 years, approximately half of the people with the lowest incomes tend to climb up the economic scale, while about half of those who are very well-off initially will transition to lower incomes.

In order to understand how this economic mobility — both upward and downward — might affect the life expectancy gap, the team developed a specialized method based on a preexisting model of social mobility. The researchers then used this method to calculate life expectancy in Denmark for people at the age of 40. In their analysis, they used official income data and mortality records from between 1980 and 2013.

In doing so, they found that the gaps in life expectancy between people who move to different income levels are very distinct in comparison with those between people who maintain their income levels.

Thus, when taking income mobility into consideration, Kreiner and colleagues observed that a 40-year-old man in the upper-income groups had a life expectancy of 77.6 years, while a man of the same age but with a low income would have a life expectancy of 75.2 years.

This means that there is a 2.4-year gap in the life expectancy of men with different income levels. For women, the gap is 2.2 years. Despite the fact that the discrepancy does not appear to be as large as specialists had anticipated, the Danish team warns that people should not take it lightly. This is especially true, they note, because the life expectancy gap has been widening over the past 30 years. The Danish researchers did not look into the reasons behind this ever-widening gap as part of their project. However, they believe that socioeconomic and educational inequalities may be behind it all.

Individuals from high-income and well-educated groups, they say, may find it easier to take advantage of new technologies that allow them to safeguard their own health and well-being.

Meanwhile, a new, large-scale study finds that even extreme levels of fitness increase lifespan — particularly in older people.

Exercise is widely considered to benefit health, but is there such a thing as too much exercise? Some recent studies suggest so. For instance, 90 minutes of exercise every day improves mental health, but anything over this threshold is actually worse for mental health than no exercise at all, a recent paper found.

Other research has suggested that there might be cardiovascular disadvantages to excessive amounts of physical exercise. One study found higher calcification in the arteries of athletes and men who routinely engaged in sports.

So, researchers from the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, United States (U.S.), set out to investigate whether large amounts of exercise have any bearing on how long a person will live. To this end, a team led by Dr. Wael Jaber — a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic — analyzed the link between aerobic fitness and lifespan in 122,007 people.

“We were particularly interested in the relationship between extremely high fitness and mortality,” explains first study author Dr. Kyle Mandsager, an electrophysiology fellow from the Cleveland Clinic.

“This relationship has never been looked at using objectively measured fitness, and on such a large scale.”

The scientists published their results in the Journal of the American Medical Association Network Open.

Dr. Jaber and his team retrospectively studied the data from a cohort study of 122,007 people who participated in exercise treadmill testing between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2014.