Your academic path has been both rigorous and inspiring. Could you share the motivations behind your choice to pursue a PhD in Wood Products and Biomaterials Engineering at the University of Ibadan?
Yes! My decision to pursue a PhD in Wood Products and other Biomaterials Engineering at the University of Ibadan was driven by a deep-seated passion for sustainable materials and environmental conservation. Growing up, my late father was a successful timber merchant. I was fascinated by the versatility of wood and its potential to be transformed into innovative, high-performance materials. As I progressed in my academic journey, I became increasingly aware of the need for sustainable alternatives to traditional construction and industrial materials, particularly in the face of global deforestation and environmental degradation.
 
The University of Ibadan, being a premier institution in sub-Saharan Africa with a strong research culture, provided the ideal environment for me to delve into advanced studies in this field. My research focused on optimising the utilisation of wood and biomass resources, reducing waste, and enhancing the efficiency of wood-based composites. I was particularly motivated by the opportunity to contribute to solutions that bridge the gap between sustainable resource management and industrial application, ensuring that natural resources are utilised responsibly while maintaining economic viability.
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Moreover, I saw my PhD as a means to not only advance scientific knowledge but also to empower industries and policymakers with research-driven insights for better wood products development and utilisation. The intersection of engineering, material science, and sustainability continues to drive my passion, and I remain committed to exploring innovative solutions for the wood products and biomaterials sector.

Your research on enhancing the quality of locally manufactured 30-cell paper egg trays offers a sustainable alternative to plastic packaging. What challenges did you encounter during this research, and how did you overcome them?
  My research on improving the quality of locally manufactured 30-cell paper egg trays was driven by the need for a sustainable, affordable, biodegradable alternative to plastic packaging. Majority of the paper egg trays in circulation are imported from the regions where regular paper products are being imported into Nigeria. It is therefore disturbing to continue this trend knowing that paper egg trays are made from waste paper. This means we are importing both regular and waste products at the same time.

However, like any research endeavour, it came with its own set of challenges.
  One major challenge was the inconsistency in the quality of locally available wastepaper, which serves as the primary raw material for producing the trays. The variability in fibre properties, contamination levels, and the presence of non-cellulosic materials affected the strength and durability of the final product. To address this, I conducted extensive fibre characterisation studies and optimised the pulping and refining processes to enhance fibre bonding and mechanical strength. By introducing selected additives such as starch-based binders and reinforcing fibres, I was able to improve the wet and dry strength of the trays while maintaining their biodegradability.
 
Another challenge was achieving the right balance between strength and weight. While a thicker tray provides better cushioning for eggs, excessive weight increases material costs and reduces production efficiency. Through experimental trials and material testing, I developed an optimised tray structure with improved compressive strength without unnecessary bulk. This was achieved by modifying the pulp formulation and refining the moulding process to ensure uniform fibre distribution and enhanced structural integrity.
 
You’ve developed two patented innovations – the Stabilized Cassava-Based Gel and the Manual Waste Paper Recycling Machine. Could you elaborate on the practical applications of these inventions and their potential impact on industries?
  My patented innovations — the Stabilised Cassava-Based Gel and the Manual Waste Paper Recycling Machine for the production of paper egg trays — were developed with a focus on sustainability, affordability, and practical application, particularly for industries in developing economies. As for the Stabilised Cassava-Based Gel, this innovation is a bio-based adhesive derived from cassava starch, which has been chemically modified and stabilised to enhance its bonding strength, water resistance, and shelf life. It is used in Wood and Paper Industries as an eco-friendly adhesive for wood composites (such as plywood and particleboard) and paperboard packaging, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic adhesives derived from petrochemicals.
 
In the construction sector, the gel can be used as a binder in bio-based construction materials, contributing to green building practices; while in the textile industry it has applications in fabric sizing, providing a biodegradable and cost-effective alternative to synthetic starch-based formulations. This will reduce dependency on petroleum-based adhesives, lowering production costs for industries; promote agricultural value-addition, thereby creating new markets for cassava farmers; minimise environmental pollution since it is biodegradable and non-toxic; and support local industries by providing an affordable and locally sourced adhesive alternative.
 
The manual waste paper recycling machine for paper egg tray production is a low-cost, manually operated machine designed to mould waste-paper pulp into paper egg trays. It is an affordable alternative to costly imported machinery for the production of paper egg trays. It enables small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to set up low-capital paper egg trays production. Also, schools and universities can use it for practical training in waste management and environmental science, while empowering teeming youths and communities with a means of generating income from paper waste and reducing landfill pollution. This will certainly encourage circular economy principles by promoting waste paper reuse; create job opportunities, especially for local artisans and small-scale entrepreneurs; reduce deforestation by providing an alternative to virgin paper production; and support environmental conservation efforts through sustainable waste management.
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Both inventions align with global sustainability goals and have significant potential to drive industrial innovation, particularly in regions where access to high-tech solutions is limited. By bridging the gap between science and real-world applications, these technologies offer practical, scalable solutions that benefit both businesses and the environment.

Your study on cassava gel as a sizing agent for paper egg trays was recognised at PaperCon 2018 in the USA. How has this international acknowledgment influenced your subsequent research endeavours?
  The recognition of my study on cassava gel as a sizing agent for paper egg trays at PaperCon 2018 in the U.S. was a pivotal moment in my research career. It reinforced the global relevance of sustainable biomaterials and opened doors for further exploration into eco-friendly solutions for the pulp and paper industry.
 
The positive reception of my work encouraged me to explore other bio-based additives for improving the properties of recycled paper products. I began investigating natural polymers, plant-based resins, and nanocellulose as reinforcements to enhance paper strength, water resistance, and durability without compromising biodegradability.
  
The conference provided opportunities to network with international experts in paper science, leading to collaborations with industry professionals and researchers from North America and Europe. These connections helped refine my research direction and provided insights into industrial-scale implementation of bio-based sizing agents. The recognition validated my belief that cassava-based adhesives and coatings could replace synthetic chemicals in paper packaging. I expanded my studies to explore how biodegradable coatings could improve grease resistance and moisture barrier properties in paper food packaging, offering alternatives to plastic-lined materials.
  
The acknowledgment at PaperCon motivated me to publish more extensively and present at global conferences, contributing to discussions on sustainability in packaging. It also strengthened my advocacy for policy-driven adoption of bio-based materials, particularly in developing countries where plastic pollution is a growing concern.
 
Following the recognition, I focused on making my research more industry-ready by working on scalable production methods for cassava gel-based adhesives. I also explored ways to integrate low-cost processing techniques that would make these materials accessible to small and medium-scale manufacturers.

The PaperCon 2018 recognition served as a catalyst for deeper research into sustainable biomaterials. It solidified my commitment to developing practical, eco-friendly solutions for the pulp, paper, and packaging industries. More importantly, it underscored the global significance of my work, inspiring me to keep innovating and contributing to the field of green materials engineering.

As the Principal Consultant at KIWO Global Engineering Services Ltd, you lead projects integrating sustainability into industrial processes. Could you provide examples of such projects and their outcomes?
  At KIWO Global Engineering Services Ltd, our focus is on integrating sustainability into industrial processes by developing eco-friendly solutions, optimising resource efficiency, and promoting circular economy principles. Here are a few notable projects and their outcomes:
  We collaborated with a furniture manufacturing company to develop high-performance particleboard using agricultural residues and bio-based adhesives. This reduced reliance on virgin wood, cutting deforestation impact; improved panel strength and water resistance using modified cassava starch-based adhesives; and lowered production costs while maintaining product quality and environmental compliance.
 
We designed and implemented a manual wastepaper recycling system for small-scale businesses producing paper egg trays and moulded fibre packaging. The outcome increased recycling efficiency and reduced landfill waste; provided cost-effective, biodegradable alternatives to plastic trays; and created employment opportunities for small-scale entrepreneurs.
  
We developed a cassava-based sizing agent to replace synthetic chemicals in paper production. The results improved paper strength and water resistance; reduced environmental impact from petroleum-based chemicals; and enhanced cost-effectiveness for local paper manufacturers.
 
We designed and developed an improved biomass-fired kiln for efficient wood drying in timber industries. This reduced energy consumption by 30 per cent compared to traditional kilns; minimised wood waste and improved drying quality; and lowered operational costs and carbon footprint.
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We investigated the use of waste thermoset plastic materials as a transformer in asphalt binder to enhance road durability. This resulted in increased asphalt lifespan and resistance to deformation; diverted plastic waste from landfills into valuable infrastructure applications; and promoted sustainable road construction practices.
 
Each of these projects, however, aligns with global sustainability goals, fostering innovation while ensuring environmental responsibility. Our approach at KIWO Global Engineering Services Ltd is to develop practical, scalable solutions that benefit industries, communities, and the planet.

Your roles as a Teaching and Research Assistant and Manager at the University of Ibadan’s Teaching and Research Sawmill highlight your commitment to mentorship. How do you approach guiding the next generation of engineers and researchers?
  Mentorship has always been a core part of my professional journey, and my roles as a Teaching and Research Assistant and Manager at the University of Ibadan’s Teaching and Research Sawmill provided valuable opportunities to guide the next generation of engineers and researchers. My approach to mentorship is built on practical engagement, research-driven learning, and industry exposure.

At the Teaching and Research Sawmill, I prioritised experiential learning by involving students in real-time wood processing, quality assessment, and sustainable utilisation techniques. By integrating laboratory experiments with industrial applications, I ensured that students gained both theoretical knowledge and technical skills critical for their careers.
 
As a Research Assistant, I encouraged students to explore problem-solving through research. I guided them in developing research proposals, designing experiments, and interpreting results — particularly in areas like wood composites, pulp and paper processing, and sustainable biomaterials. Many of my mentees have gone on to publish their research and pursue postgraduate studies globally.
 
To bridge the gap between academia and industry, I facilitated collaborations between students and professionals in the wood, paper, and construction industries. This included organising industrial visits, inviting guest speakers, and assisting students with internships and job placements. Beyond technical skills, I mentor students to develop critical thinking, leadership, and entrepreneurial mindsets.
 
I emphasise innovation and sustainability, encouraging them to look beyond traditional methods and consider emerging technologies that align with global environmental goals. I recognise that every student learns differently, so I adopt a personalised approach to mentorship, offering guidance based on individual strengths and aspirations. I also actively support underrepresented groups in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), ensuring that everyone has equal opportunities to excel.
 
Many of my former students are now excelling in academia, research, and industry. Seeing their growth and contributions to engineering and sustainability drives my continued passion for mentorship. My goal is to inspire a new generation of engineers and researchers who will lead innovation in sustainable materials and industrial processes.

In your experience, what are the primary challenges in balancing industrial efficiency with environmental sustainability in the field of Wood Products and Biomaterials Engineering?
  Balancing industrial efficiency with environmental sustainability in Wood Products and Biomaterials Engineering is a complex challenge that requires innovation, policy alignment, and technological advancements. In my experience, the primary challenges include: (a) Challenge of raw material scarcity and deforestation. The demand for wood-based products continues to rise, leading to deforestation and resource depletion. Also, sustainable forestry practices, agroforestry, and the use of alternative biomass sources (such as agricultural residues and recycled fibers) are crucial but often underutilised due to cost and supply chain limitations.
  (b) Issues of waste management and resource utilisation. The wood industry generates significant waste in the form of sawdust, bark, and wood chips, which, if not properly managed, contributes to environmental degradation. While waste-to-product innovations (e.g., wood-plastic composites, biochar, and engineered wood products) exist, their adoption is slow due to market constraints and processing costs.
  (c) Over-dependence on petrochemical-based adhesives and coatings. Many wood composites rely on synthetic adhesives (such as urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde), which pose environmental and health risks.The challenge is finding cost-effective, high-performance bio-based alternatives (such as cassava starch-based adhesives, tannin-based resins, and lignin-derived binders) that can match the durability of synthetic options.
  (d) Problem of energy-intensive processing technologies in which processes such as kiln drying, pulping, and composite manufacturing require substantial energy, often sourced from fossil fuels. The shift toward biomass-based energy, solar-assisted drying, and energy-efficient processing faces hurdles such as high initial investment costs and inconsistent energy supply in certain regions.
 (e) Difficulties posed by market resistance and cost implications in which sustainable materials and eco-friendly processes often come at a higher production cost, making them less attractive in highly competitive markets. Therefore, consumer awareness and regulatory incentives are needed to drive demand for sustainable products and encourage industries to invest in greener alternatives.
 (f) Issues of policy and regulatory gaps show that many developing economies lack strict environmental regulations or incentives for sustainable wood product manufacturing. Thus, stronger policies on responsible forestry, green procurement, and carbon footprint reduction are needed to enforce sustainability standards.
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To address these challenges, the industry must adopt a circular economy approach — maximising material efficiency, integrating renewable resources, and innovating sustainable product designs. Collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders is essential to bridge the gap between industrial efficiency and environmental responsibility. My work focuses on developing scalable, eco-friendly solutions that can be both economically viable and environmentally sustainable.

You’ve received multiple Publication Awards from the University of Ibadan’s Postgraduate School. How do these accolades influence your motivation and approach to research?
  Receiving multiple Publication Awards from the University of Ibadan’s Postgraduate School has been a significant motivation in my research journey. These accolades serve as both recognition of my contributions to scientific knowledge and encouragement to push the boundaries of sustainable materials engineering. The awards validate that my research in wood products, biomaterials, and sustainability is making a meaningful contribution to the scientific community. They encourage me to continue exploring innovative and practical solutions for industry challenges. Knowing that my work is being recognised motivates me to publish high-quality research that can influence both academia and industry.
 
The recognition has strengthened my drive to collaborate with experts across disciplines, particularly in materials science, environmental engineering, and industrial technology. This has led to new research avenues, such as exploring bio-based adhesives, waste-to-resource innovations, and sustainable packaging solutions. Ultimately, these awards are not just personal achievements — they represent a commitment to advancing knowledge, fostering sustainability, and mentoring the next generation of researchers.

Given the rapid advancements in materials science, where do you see the future of biomaterials, particularly in the context of Nigeria’s industrialisation and environmental responsibility?
  The future of biomaterials holds immense potential, particularly in the context of Nigeria’s industrialisation and environmental responsibility. As global industries shift toward sustainable and circular economies, biomaterials will play a crucial role in reducing dependence on fossil-based resources, minimising waste, and promoting local raw material utilisation. The shift from petroleum-based adhesives to biodegradable alternatives (such as cassava starch, tannin, and lignin-based resins) will gain traction. These innovations can enhance wood composite production (e.g., plywood, particleboard) and paper manufacturing, reducing environmental pollution. Nigeria’s abundant agricultural residues (cassava, maize, and palm kernel shells) provide an opportunity to scale up bio-adhesive production.
 
Due to increasing regulations on single-use plastics, biodegradable packaging solutions using agro-waste fibres, starch films, and molded pulp products will become a viable alternative. This presents an opportunity for Nigeria to lead in eco-friendly food packaging, paper egg trays, and fiber-based molded products.
  
Likewise, the future of Nigeria’s construction sector lies in engineered wood products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) and bio-composites, which offer sustainability and strength comparable to concrete and steel. Also, waste agricultural fibres such as coconut husks, sugarcane bagasse etc will be increasingly integrated into panel products, offering cost-effective, locally sourced alternatives for the housing sector.
 
Meanwhile, scaling production and commercialisation of biomaterials remains a challenge due to high initial investment costs and limited industrial processing infrastructure. Research and industry collaboration is needed to optimise biomaterials for cost-effectiveness, durability, and large-scale application. Government policies and incentives should support bio-based industries through grants, subsidies, and regulatory frameworks encouraging sustainable manufacturing.
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Finally, Nigeria has all the resources needed to become a leader in biomaterials innovation — abundant biomass, strong research capabilities, and a growing industrial sector. The key lies in bridging research with industry, ensuring scalable, eco-friendly solutions that drive industrial growth while maintaining environmental responsibility. If properly harnessed, biomaterials will not only reduce environmental impact but also create new economic opportunities, positioning Nigeria at the forefront of sustainable industrialisation.
 
Your journey embodies innovation and resilience. What personal experiences or individuals have most significantly influenced your career path and dedication to sustainable engineering solutions?
  My journey in Wood Products and Biomaterials Engineering has been shaped by a combination of personal experiences, mentorship, and a deep-rooted passion for sustainability. Several key influences have significantly guided my career path and commitment to sustainable engineering solutions. Growing up in Nigeria, I witnessed firsthand the wastefulness in wood processing industries and the environmental consequences of deforestation and unsustainable material use. These observations fueled my desire to find innovative ways to maximise resource efficiency and promote sustainable alternatives.
 
Most significantly, during my academic journey, I was fortunate to receive mentorship from distinguished scholars in Wood Products Engineering, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Forest Resources Management and many other areas of academic endeavour. Prominent among my teachers are Emeritus Professor E. B. Lucas, Emeritus Professor M. A. Onilude, Professor A. O. Olorunnisola, Professor T. E. Omoniyi, Professor Yahaya Mijinyawa, Professor A. O. Raji, Professor O. O. Adefisan, Professor A. O. Oluwadare, among others.
 
My colleagues and collaborators are not left out in my honour’s list, as I appreciate every contributor to the success of the academic journey. My career has been a journey of innovation, resilience, and a commitment to sustainability. The combination of personal experiences, mentorship, international recognition, and leadership roles has fueled my dedication to developing practical, eco-friendly solutions that address industrial challenges while safeguarding the environment.
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