Data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Observatory on Smuggling of Migrants has revealed a troubling paradox across key African migration corridors, as smuggling fees decline, the dangers facing migrants are intensifying.

An Associate Programme Officer at UNODC, Georgina Atu-Umar, disclosed this on Wednesday during a two-day training on a human rights-based approach to migration held in Keffi.

She explained that evolving pricing structures in irregular migration have become increasingly fragmented, with migrants now paying in stages rather than through a single, all-inclusive fee, particularly for high-risk segments such as sea crossings.

Presenting on trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling, Atu-Umar noted that while headline fees appear to be falling, the overall cost of the journey has remained largely unchanged.

Instead, migrants are subjected to multiple payments along different legs of the route.

Experts warn that this emerging “pay-as-you-go” model significantly heightens migrants’ vulnerability, exposing them to exploitation, extortion, and sudden cost increases mid-journey.

A key finding from the data is the growing correlation between affordability and risk. Analysts say lower smuggling fees often translate into more dangerous travel conditions, with migrants funneled into overcrowded vehicles, hazardous desert crossings, and unsafe boats.

Cost variations across routes further highlight the instability of smuggling networks. For instance, the Mali–Algeria corridor ranges between $400 and $450 per person, while the Nigeria–Libya route fluctuates widely—from $400 to as much as $1,600.

Journeys through Niger into Libya also show unpredictable pricing patterns.

The most perilous segment, sea crossings, exhibits the widest disparity. Fees can be as low as $150 but rise to $1,000 depending on the purported level of safety, although higher payments offer no guarantee of survival.

Despite indications that upfront fees may be declining, the cumulative cost remains substantial due to the multiple payments required along the journey.

While upfront payment remains the most common and often cheapest option, it frequently leaves migrants vulnerable to fraud, abandonment, and abuse, with little or no recourse.

The UNODC identified key indicators of trafficking in persons to include recruitment and harbouring for the purpose of exploitation.

In contrast, migrant smuggling is characterised by illegal border crossings, profit motives, and its classification as a crime against the state.

Also speaking, Director of the Vulnerable Groups Department at the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), Dahiru Bobbo, emphasised that migrants are entitled to fundamental rights, including the right to life, freedom from torture and arbitrary detention, and access to justice.

 He noted that migrants under the ECOWAS protocol must, however, meet certain legal requirements.

On border management challenges, Chief Superintendent of Immigration, Otitoloju Kazeem, pointed to the lack of clear demarcation along some Nigeria, neighbouring country borders, complicating enforcement efforts.

He also decried weak inter-agency coordination, noting that Nigeria functions as both a transit and destination country.

Kazeem stressed the need to strengthen border controls through improved identity verification, admissibility checks, and structured return processes, adding that the Nigeria Immigration Service continues to uphold the rights of irregular migrants during deportation procedures.