Emerging technologies to man international borders

For decades, long immigration queues at airports have been a concern with new complexities post the pandemic.

With travel restrictions easing globally, border control authorities are likely to spend more time scrutinising travellers’ records, given the added need to review health credentials and vaccination statuses, according to Jiten Vyas, Regional Group Chief Operating Officer at VFS Global.

The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in its Air Transportation report for 2022 revealed that international passengers that passed through Nigerian airports increased from 1.4 million to 2.2 million in 2021. This is an increase of 57.6 per cent within the period.

With a collective intent to regain pre-pandemic momentum in global mobility, governments remain wary of overcrowding at airports and security threats. Vyas refers to earlier this year when cross-border traffic was tapered.

The chief solution officer at UK’s Heathrow airport told the UK Parliament Transport Select Committee that queuing times at the airport had increased to up to six hours, as border officials were obliged to check passengers’ documents – including the passenger locator form and the proof of negative Covid-19 test – manually.

“While biometric identity management systems have helped improve this situation to some extent by enabling officials at border gates to verify the identity of passengers at a faster rate, this sector demands frequent innovations,” says Vyas.

Innovations in biometric authentication
Vyas said: “With governments focusing on contactless travellers’ experience, we have already seen innovations in biometric authentication at airports. Nigeria, the largest nation in Africa in 2010 selected a complete biometric system for the issuance of passports. With approximately 140 million citizens, the “e-passport” system uses fingerprints, processed by ID Solutions, to meet that objective of “one citizen, one passport. And also detect duplicate passport applications.

“A few months back, global specialist firms deployed systems featuring their face biometric technology for passenger checks at thirty gates across Spanish airports, such as Madrid, Bilbao, Valencia and Fuerteventura, as a part of an annual project to roll out 120 smart gates by year-end.

‘Likewise, in October 2020, UAE carrier Emirates launched an integrated biometric pathway at Dubai International Airport for travellers to pass through the airport without showing any documents. The technology – which uses facial and iris recognition, allows passengers to check in, complete immigration forms and board in a contactless way, reducing queuing times and supporting health and security measures. As part of the biometric pathway, Dubai’s General Directorate of Residency and Foreign Affairs, in collaboration with Emirates Airline, developed a Smart Tunnel technology, enabling passengers to be automatically cleared by immigration authorities while walking through it.

“Face Express, a similar innovation piloted at the Japanese airports of Narita and Tokyo Haneda, enabled a boarding procedure for international flights through facial recognition technology without document review.”

Emerging technologies
According to Vyas, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics will fundamentally change border management, enabling Smart Borders a few years from now.

He noted that, however, the adoption of these technologies is relatively limited currently.

“These emerging technologies would enhance border officials’ judgment through AI-enabled intelligence in analysing biometric markers such as facial recognition. Next in line, data analytics can help detect suspicious profiles by analysing various data points that passenger submits, right from booking an air ticket to applying for a visa and subsequent transit interface,” he said.

Risks and mitigating measures
Vyas said adopting advanced technologies for border control management has its share of risks, such as manipulating machine learning systems to make false predictions with a fatal impact on outcomes at the border entry/exit decision points.

He said similarly, the integrity of data sets can be corrupted through targeted attacks leading to false predictions.

“Given such risks, protecting data sets, including the training data, becomes critical. Core security principles of encryption, access control and authentication, logging and monitoring become important and should be included right from the design and development stage of the systems,” he said.

Vyas further said that vulnerability management is another key area that should be actively managed, especially since many open-source libraries are used in systems development.

“Overall, securing just the algorithms and data sets is not enough, rather, an end-to-end approach in applying security by design should be adopted and managed on an ongoing basis.

“VFS Global, the world’s largest outsourcing and technology services specialist for governments and diplomatic missions worldwide, for instance, complies with various data localisation, privacy and protection laws, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

“Border control authorities can also block travellers with suspicious profiles through AI and machine learning algorithms, forcing them to go through manned border gates and narrowing the country’s chances of illegal entry.

“With the world on the move again, wider acceptance of digital and intuitive technologies will be critical to regaining pre-pandemic momentum, albeit with adequate risk-proofing,” concludes Vyas.