Heart defects in newborns: What every Nigerian parent should know

Congenital heart disease (CHD), also called congenital heart defect, is a heart problem that babies are born with. It affects the structure of the heart and blood vessels, making it difficult for blood to flow properly. In severe cases, it can cause bluish skin (cyanosis), swelling in the legs, irregular heartbeat, and tiredness.

This condition happens in about one out of every 100 live births, making it one of the most common heart defects in newborns. It may be due to holes in the heart, faulty valves, or problems with blood circulation. Babies with severe CHD often need surgery or other treatments to survive.

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Types of Congenital Heart Disease
Doctors classify CHD into two main types:
 Acyanotic heart disease – This type allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix, leading to abnormal blood flow. It may cause the heart to work too hard, leading to complications.

 Cyanotic heart disease – This happens when the heart cannot supply enough oxygen to the body. Babies with this condition may have a bluish skin tone and need urgent surgery. Examples include Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA).

Signs and Symptoms
Parents should look out for the following warning signs in newborns:
 Bluish lips, skin, or nails (cyanosis)
 Fast breathing or difficulty breathing
 Weak pulse or irregular heartbeat
 Getting tired quickly, even during feeding
 Poor weight gain and delayed growth

If any of these symptoms appear, immediate medical attention is necessary.

What Causes Congenital Heart Disease?

Experts believe CHD can result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some major causes include:
 A family history of heart defects
 Taking certain medications during pregnancy
 Alcohol or drug use during pregnancy
 Viral infections during the first three months of pregnancy
A pregnant woman’s health can greatly influence a baby’s heart development. That is why doctors recommend extra care during pregnancy.

How to Prevent Congenital Heart Disease

While not all cases of CHD can be prevented, some steps can reduce the risk:
 Avoid alcohol, smoking, and unnecessary medications during pregnancy
 Maintain normal blood sugar levels, especially for women with diabetes
 Get vaccinated against rubella and flu
 Take 400 micrograms of folic acid daily in the first three months of pregnancy
 Avoid exposure to harmful chemicals, such as paint thinners and nail polish remover

Congenital heart disease remains a serious health issue, but with early detection and proper care, many children with CHD can live healthy lives. Parents are encouraged to go for routine antenatal checkups and ensure their babies receive proper medical attention if any symptoms arise.