The worrying indicators on teenage pregnancy

The spike in teenage pregnancies in Nigeria is not merely a statistic; it reflects a deeper societal issue that requires immediate attention because the health ramifications of adolescent pregnancy are dire. Essentially, teenagers are at an increased risk for maternal health complications and infant mortality. Moreover, these pregnancies often result in interrupted education and perpetuate cycles of poverty. Hence, the alarming rise in teenage pregnancy in Nigeria has emerged as a pressing public health and social issue, emphasising the urgency of addressing this crisis.

Recent statistics indicate that approximately 15 per cent of Nigerian girls aged 15-19 have experienced pregnancy, with notable disparities between urban and rural areas. For instance, while urban regions like Lagos report significantly lower rates of teenage pregnancy (one per cent), states such as Bauchi see figures as high as 41 per cent.

The correlation between socio-economic status and teenage pregnancy is stark as data show that girls from lower wealth quintiles are disproportionately affected, often due to limited access to education and reproductive health resources. In rural areas, where educational opportunities are scarce, young women face heightened vulnerability to early pregnancy, and it may be inferred that a lack of comprehensive sexual education exacerbates this issue because many are left unaware of contraceptive options and the risks associated with early motherhood. This shows that socio-economic factors are at play.

This disparity in teenage pregnancy between urban and rural areas underscores the critical need for targeted interventions that address the unique challenges faced by adolescents in different geographic contexts.

About 15 per cent of young Nigerian girls aged 15-19 have experienced pregnancy, according to the latest Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2023-24. The NDHS report reveals a teenage pregnancy rate of 15 per cent among girls across the nation. The report described the situation as a pressing national health issue requiring urgent intervention. It said the rates were significantly higher in rural areas, particularly in the North-West and North-East.

It described the risks of teenage pregnancy to include maternal health complications, loss of educational opportunities, and increased poverty cycles. It further indicated that 11 per cent of the girls had already given birth, with four per cent currently pregnant and two per cent experiencing pregnancy loss, reflecting potential gaps in healthcare access and support. Addressing the socio-economic and educational impacts, the report explained that poverty and restricted opportunities contributed to the problem.

Meanwhile, Prof. Muhammad Ali Pate, Minister of Health and Social Welfare, highlighted current policies and initiatives aimed at curbing teenage pregnancy, such as sexual and reproductive health education, access to contraceptives, and youth support programmes. Dr Aminu Magashi, Coordinator of the Africa Health Budget Network (AHBN), stressed the importance of expanding initiatives focused on education, healthcare access, and community support to reduce teenage pregnancy and improve adolescent reproductive health.

As such, addressing the underlying socio-economic factors and implementing targeted health policies to mitigate this public health crisis and foster a healthier future for Nigerian youth is crucial. To combat this growing crisis, a multi-faceted approach is necessary and this calls for comprehensive sexual education, access to contraceptives, economic empowerment, and community engagement.

The government should implement robust sexual education programmes in schools to empower young people with knowledge about their bodies and reproductive health. Instructively, sex education for young people is controversial both religiously and culturally in many societies. Despite this controversy, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) Programme of Action (PoA) supports sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education because of the negative consequences of unsafe sexual activities among young people.

Thus, sexuality education is intended to improve knowledge and understanding of sexual development, human reproduction and healthy sex behaviour among adolescents.  The explicit aim of sex education programmes is to help young people practise responsible sexual behaviour and possibly delay sexual activity.

According to UNFPA, comprehensive sexuality education is the crossroads at which education and health meet. It is vital to advancing health outcomes and gender equality. It gives young people the tools to have healthy lives and relationships. It helps them navigate life-changing decisions about their sexual and reproductive health. Consequently, it could be claimed that sex education has transformative potential.

Furthermore, it leads to the reduced transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV, unwanted pregnancy, abandoned babies, trauma occasioned by child care, and dangers of unsafe and illegal abortion. These negative consequences of early sexual activities call for greater openness about issues of SRH.

Again, the government should increase the availability and awareness of contraceptive methods. This is crucial in both urban and rural areas. The government should also implement programmes to empower young women economically to reduce their vulnerability to early pregnancies, and such skills training should include financial literacy programmes. It is equally important also to provide alternatives to early childbearing and engage community leaders in discussions about the importance of delaying childbirth aimed at shifting cultural perceptions surrounding teenage pregnancy.

As the country progresses into the New Year, all stakeholders, government agencies, NGOs, and community leaders must collaborate to create an environment where young girls can thrive without the burden of early motherhood.